The Fork earthquake occurred in Zagros Mountains at a distance about 120 km from Darab city in Fars province, producing extensive destruction but relatively low rate of human loss. Field investigation and the distribution of aftershocks suggest an east-west trend faulting with a reverse mechanism having a small strike-slip component. The locally recorded aftershock activity was extended to a length of about 40 km and a depth of about 30 km. The majority of aftershocks took place at a depth range 10-20 km and was scattered indicating a complex mode of faulting. The result of waveform inversion indicated that the mainshock had mainly reverse mechanism and the source process included two main fault slip. The total seismic moment was calculated to be Mo=3.1 x 1025 dyne cm. The calculated maximum dislocation was about 50 cm and the obtained moment magnitude was Mw=6.2. The average stress drop was estimated to be 25 bars and the average dislocation was 25 cm. The Fork earthquake is one of the rare events that have occurred in Zagros suture zone with magnitude greater than 6. Therefore, the ground-motion characteristics during the mainshock should be considered for the high safety design of structures in the damaged area.

This paper investigates the performance and efficacy of Quintuple Friction Pendulum (QTFP) isolators under a sequence of near-fault foreshock, mainshock and aftershock earthquake events. The QTFP isolator is an advanced base isolation device utilized in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures to alleviate damage from severe seismic activity. Despite its proven ability to restrict structural responses and meet particular performance goals under severe seismic excitation, comprehensive analyses of QTFP isolators performance under sequential earthquakes are scarce. This research employs finite element analysis to explore the seismic behavior of RC structures equipped with QTFP isolators during such sequences. It also assesses the effectiveness of QTFP isolators by evaluating the seismic behavior of base-isolated RC structures subjected to sequence earthquakes. In general, the sequence of foreshock, mainshock and aftershock earthquake events critically impacts the structural response, with the foreshock producing the highest base shear, inter-story drift and acceleration responses. Furthermore, the aftershock accounted for the most considerable input, damping, and hysteretic energies. The research offers insights into the hysteresis behavior of the isolators, particularly during the mainshock, where the combination of 2.15 seconds period and 10% damping showcased the most extensive hysteresis loop cycles. This study underscores the significance of QTFP isolators in enhancing the seismic resistance of RC structures, while shedding light on their performance under different earthquake sequences.

The 2017 Ezgeleh earthquake (Mw: 7. 3), which occurred in the northwest of the Zagros, was followed by many aftershocks. The histogram of the monthly rate of aftershocks shows that, except for the first few months, the aftershock sequence did not follow the Omori law. Therefore, it is necessary to use more complex methods to investigate the aftershock sequence. In this research, the temporal multifractal method was used. The obtained results show that the temporal pattern of aftershocks has two short and long-scaling ranges. It seems that short and long ranges are related to the distribution of aftershocks within smaller clusters and the pattern of clusters in the aftershock sequence, respectively. These result showed that the pattern in the longer range is more heterogeneous than the shorter one. On the other hand, by removing the smaller aftershocks, the heterogeneity increases. It seems that the occurrence of several more significant aftershocks with a magnitude of more than 5 has caused an increase in the heterogeneity of the temporal pattern of the aftershock sequence. The results also show that the degree of inhomogeneity of the occurrence time of aftershocks is related to the spatial distribution pattern of aftershocks.

A devastating earthquake with moment magnitude of 7. 3 hit Sarpol-e Zahab in the Zagros on November 12, 2017. An intense aftershock sequence was recorded by the permanent and dense temporary seismic networks, which installed rapidly in the epicentral region. The focal mechanisms of the November 2017 aftershocks were gathered (for about 50 events) and derived (for about 10 events) from P-wave polarities and/or waveform modeling, show predominantly thrust movements. The transpressional stress regime in the region is suggested as the driving force for the earthquakes. The temporal variation of the principal stress directions analyzed by subsequent stress inversion in several time intervals following the Nov. 2017 mainshocks. In addition, the spatial stress variations were studied implementing the stress tensor inversion in different clusters of events. These results suggest that the 2017 mainshock ruptures caused both spatial and temporal stress perturbations that continued in time showing a specific character, which was not observed before in the Zagros region.

Introduction: Pierre Robin sequence (PRS), previously termed Pierre Robin syndrome, consists of three congenital abnormalities: micrognathia (small mandible), glossoptosis, and cleft palate. In Pierre Robin sequence, the events occur in sequence, with one defect leading to the next. PRS occurs with an incidence of 1 in 8500 to 25000. Affected newborns have varying degrees of airway obstruction, often in association with gastroesophageal reflux and feeding difficulties. Intervention is mostly aimed at restoring a patent airway.Case Reports: Airway management in the infant with Pierre Robin sequence can be very challenging because of difficulty with mask ventilation and intubation. Our patient was a 4-year old boy with Robin sequence scheduled for dental repair under general anesthesia. He had a history of palate repair 3 years ago. After inhalation induction with sevofluran, nitrous-oxide in oxygen‚ under spontaneous ventilation, initial laryngeal view with the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope revealed Cormack-Lehane grade IIӀ due to restricted mouth opening and micrognathia. Nasal intubation for two times under the spontaneous respiration were unsuccessful. We fiberoptically intubated the patient with uncuffed tracheal tube (ID 5 mm) while allowing him to breathe spontaneously. Extubation was done with the patient fully awake and with emergency airway equipment immediately available. Postoperatively, he was transferred to intensive care unit where he could be observed closely for delayed complications of airway obstruction.Conclusion: Managing the airway of patients with craniofacial abnormalities can potentially be difficult. Therefore we recommend even simple treatment procedures to be carried out by experienced anesthesiologists, with a variety of different airway devices available such as flexible fiberoptic‚ Storz video laryngoscope and Airtraq optical laryngoscope.

On April 5, 2016, the Sefid-Sang earthquake with a magnitude of Mw~6 occurred about 30 km from Sefid-Sang and 80 km from Mashhad in Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran. Looking at the distribution of aftershocks reported by the Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC), due to the error in the locating of the earthquakes, it is not possible to attribute these events to the activity of any pre-mapped faults. In this study, we attempt to determine the relative location of earthquakes and improve the seismic phase readings on the data recorded in the seismic waveforms recorded by seismic stations of the IRSC to find the causative fault. To relocate the aftershocks of the Sefid-Sang earthquake of April 2016, 2136 data that were recorded in the period from April 2016 to May 2017 at IRSC, were obtained from this center. First, a spatial distribution was drawn for these data, and as said before it was very difficult to determine the causative fault. The data were relocated using the double difference method and also apply the cross-correlation on the waveforms to improve the reading of the seismic phases. In this research, the aftershocks relocated in four different cases. Once the entire data without improving seismic phases relocate with HypoDD together, the next step, first using cross-correlation on all waveforms, we improve the phase readings, and then HypoDD is used to relocate all aftershocks. Then we try to use this double difference method on the data with a better condition in the first reported location. We selected data with an azimuth gap less than 180 degrees, RMS less than 0. 5 seconds, and magnitude less than 2. 5. Again on selected data, HypoDD was run in two different ways, once only using the phases which read by IRSC experts, and the second, addition, of the cross-correlation output of the waveforms was used to improve the readings. By examining the depth sections on two profiles, first in the northwest-southeast direction and the second, perpendicular to the first profile, it was found that the dip of the fault plane is about 45 degrees towards the northeast, and accordingly, the fault direction is northwest-southeast. Using InSAR image processing, Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima, 2020, stated that aftershocks are more compatible with the fault model whose dip is northeast, and the dip of the fault model has a dip of 47. 4 degrees. As can be seen, most of the studies conducted, such as the result of this study, consider a fault with a northwest-southeast strike and northeast dip as the fault that caused the 1396 SefidSang earthquake. According to the existing faults in the region, this fracture is the most consistent with the continuation of the Kashafroud fault. Considering the importance of the Kashafroud fault in determining the seismic hazard of Mashhad city, this shows the necessity of studies to better identify this fault zone and its parallel branches. Compared to the study of Einakchie et al. 2018, this study showed that to obtain favorable results in determining the relative location of earthquakes, efforts should be made to improve the seismic phase readings by any method such as waveforms cross-correlation. Also, despite not having the data of the temporary local dense network used by Khosravi et al. 2018, by choosing stricter conditions on data selection and also improving the reading of seismic phases, and determining the relative location to reduce the error caused by the velocity model, the results could improve a lot, of course, in this study the main advantage is the existence of the JRKH permanent station less than 10 km from the epicenter of the mainshock. The importance of the temporary seismographic network around the epicenter of the earthquake increases the number of records and increases the accuracy of earthquakes, but in cases in which we do not have access to such networks data, existing of the close station to epicenters and using double-difference method could help to get more accurate results.

Following a large earthquake, numerous aftershocks can be triggered due to the complex stress interaction between and within tectonic plates. Although aftershocks are normally smaller in magnitude, their ground motion intensity can be large and have different energy contents than the mainshock. Even seemingly, undamaged buildings may be damaged as a result of aftershocks. The mainshock-damaged buildings with deteriorated structural properties are more susceptible to damage. Based on the achievements of structural engineering and earthquake today, design of structures based on performance can be mentioned. Firstly, unlike traditional methods, new structures can be designed based on seismic needs and functional levels; secondly, the possibility of retrofitting existing buildings is provided. There are also famous ATC and FEMA regulations in this field. In this research, the performance of steel structure with eccentric braced frames being affected by sequence earthquakes has been studied. To do so, low-rise buildings of 3, 5, and 7 stories have been analyzed in terms of time history dynamics by nonlinear software of Perform 3D. By drawing the fragility curve of structures at different levels of performance, the seismic vulnerability of structures has been investigated. The results indicate that as the number of stories increases, the seismic vulnerability of the structure decreases, and the probability of failure in Far-field earthquakes is higher than near-fault earthquakes. In a seismic sequence discussion, the second earthquake is often affected by the fact that its PGA is larger than the first earthquake. In other words, when the PGA is the second earthquake smaller than or equal to the first earthquake, its effect on structures is very slight, which can be ignored. With regard to the fragility curves achieved, it can be concluded that the structure at the level of the safety of life (LS), which is the standard 2800 and the topic of the tenth subject of the national building regulations, has a good performance, and the design based on them is reliable.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to compile effective scenarios for improving the resilience of new Habitations in Isfahan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method; it is a combination of documentary and survey methods and future research. Investigations have shown that based on possible situations, 10,040 scenarios have been identified to study the resilience of new Habitations in the Metropolitan Isfahan Isfahan against the risk of earthquakes. Of these scenarios, 9999 weak scenarios, 36 high compatibility or believable scenarios and 5 strong scenarios have been identified. Thirty-six scenarios with high compatibility can be divided into four groups according to their proximity, and each group includes several scenarios with almost common characteristics despite the small difference in one or more situations among the 15 key factors. These four groups represent the general framework of the situations governing the future resilience of the studied habitations. According to the results of the examination of different groups of scenarios in this research, scenario number 1 in the first group of scenarios has been introduced as a favorable scenario due to having favorable and complete conditions. Also, among the key factors studied, the collective justice factor, with an average of -4 and a total score of -144, is the most critical key factor in the studied scenarios   Extended Abstract Introduction The inability to accurately predict the future, as well as the complexities of increasing change, has led researchers to take advantage of the emerging knowledge of future studies and bring the issue of foresight into the heart of planning activities and to predict scientific and technological developments.The appropriate effectiveness of today's decision-making is related to recognizing the future situation and how planners deal with it. Accurate knowledge of the future also depends on a suitable method for discovering the future. Today, with traditional planning methods, including outsourcing in the past, it is unlikely to generate reliable foresight in the medium and long term. Futuristic science approaches in planning to find the key factors and drivers of development in the planning space emphasize that in this way, the planner with the lever of control and management of the future to plan optimally for the future. In the urban area of Isfahan, the evolution of industry has played an important role in changing the economic structure and the emergence of a new hierarchy of residential areas and population concentration, especially in Isfahan. In order to overcome the problems caused by urban development, especially to reduce the housing problem and prevent population explosion, reduce the destruction of agricultural land, preserve the cultural texture and control construction, new habitations in Isfahan Metropolitan have been thought and built. Existence of numerous problems and issues, such as active faults with the ability to cause extensive human and financial losses, construction of high-level units outside the rules, weakness of infrastructure services such as medical centers, transportation, etc., extensive migration from inside and outside the province to these habitations, the establishment of heavy industries around these habitations, regardless of the characteristics of the structure, the high age of the building in some of the studied habitations, etc., has increased attention to the issue of resilience in these habitations. Given the importance of futurism has a significant impact on reducing the human and financial losses of human habitations, the question has been raised: What is the most desirable scenario to improve the resilience of new urban habitations in the Isfahan Metropolitan?   Methodology The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, based on the new method of futurology, analytical-structural. Interaction / structural analysis is a method for analyzing the possible occurrence of an issue in a predicted set. Judgments about the potential for interaction between the predicted topics can adjust the probabilities of this. In this study, using 87 variables in the form of 6 dimensions, the interaction of the studied variables has been analyzed, and finally, using the identified key factors, scenarios affecting the resilience of new urban habitations in Isfahan urban area have been developed.   Results and discussion In this research, 54 possible situations have been proposed for 15 key factors. The number of states of selected key factors is between 3-4 possible states for each factor. From a total of 540 possible situations in the table of scenarios with high compatibility in this research, 99 favorable situations (18.33 percent), 69 static situations (12.78 percent), 124 situations on the verge of crisis (22.96 percent), and 248 crises (93.45 percent). The results of the application of Scenario Wizard software in this research have shown that there are 10040 scenarios for studying the resilience of new habitations in Isfahan urban area against the risk of earthquakes, and it is possible to use this number of extracted scenarios to forecast the resilience of the studied habitations. It is not acceptable, and they can only be used statistically. The extracted scenarios can be categorized into three general sections as scenarios with strong compatibility, weak scenarios, and incompatible scenarios. Out of the 10040 scenarios obtained in this research, 9999 weak scenarios, 36 incompatible scenarios and 5 strong scenarios have been identified. In order to determine the optimal scenario among the strong scenarios, an action has been taken. According to the conditions governing the 3 mentioned scenarios, scenario number 1 can be introduced as the optimal scenario in this research because it has 100% suitable conditions.   Conclusion According to the grouping of compatible scenarios, selecting the best scenario from 3 scenarios should be done. As mentioned in the previous topics, the scenarios of the second and third groups cannot be considered and cited due to having many problems; therefore, they should be removed from the review cycle at this stage. The only remaining group of scenarios is the first group, or the group of golden scenarios, which is in the best condition in terms of desirability. Since there is only one scenario in the golden scenario group, scenario number 1 of this research can be introduced as a favorable scenario for the resilience foresight of new urban habitations in the Isfahan Metropolitan. By examining the situation of scenario number 1 in the table of compatible scenarios, this result has been obtained that out of 15 situations, the development of geographical perspectives, increasing the level of awareness about the seismicity of the place of residence, identifying and dealing with dangerous factors, population density of 0-70 people, improving the level of social participation of citizens, increasing the level of social justice among citizens, the dynamism and development of economic and social activities, the development of intellectual and financial support for economic activities, the development of social capital, the improvement of the level of compensation capacities, the greater role of people compared to centers government during an earthquake, reducing damage caused by an earthquake, improving the level of performance of city managers during an earthquake, having a strong urban information bank and a large urban distribution have 100% favorability.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: Due to some problems of serological assays in diagnosis of patients infected with HIV-1 and HCV, the use of molecular assay has become widely accepted. However, molecular assays have a major drawback of high cost and dependency to expensive thermocycler instruments.Methods: This research described the development of a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay for the simultaneous or single detection of HIV-1 and HCV genomes in plasma samples. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay has been evaluated using several clinical samples.Findings: The results showed that the primers used in this assay did not have any interactions with each other or with other possible interfering agents. The analytical sensitivity of this assay for both HIV-1 and HCV was calculated as 1000 copies/ml. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay were considered as 90% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion: The developed multiplex NASBA assay can be used for simultaneous or single detection of HIV-1 and HCV viruses with a suitable sensitivity and specificity. Due to easy application, multiplexity, and no need to thermocycler instruments, this assay can be used as a low cost method in laboratories with limited instruments.